Secondary Storage

File compression

is commonly used when sending a file from a computer to another over a connection that has limited bandwidth. The compression basically makes the file smaller and, therefore, the sending of the file is so fast. Of course, when compressing a file and sending it to another computer that computer has to have a program that will decompress the file so it can be returned to "normal" and used.

A head crash

A head crash is a hard-disk failure that happened when a read–write head of a hard disk drive comes in contact with its rotating platter, resulting in permanent and usually fatal damage to the magnetic media on the platter surface. When this happens, you usually lose much of the data on the hard disk and will need to replace both the head and the disk. For this reason, it is so important to operate disk drives, particularly hard disk drives, in as clear environment as possible. Even smoke particles can cause a head crash.

Internet hard drive

The purpose of an Internet hard drive is to offer a means of accessing your computer files (pictures, documents, music, etc.) from any computer, as long as that computer has access to the Internet. Similar to depositing money into your bank account, and later withdrawing that same money from any ATM machine, an Internet hard drive will allow you to "deposit" your computer files into a remote hard drive, and then later access those very same files from any other computer.

Optical Disc Drive

An optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses a kind of light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders. Recorders are sometimes called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, andBlu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives.

Solid state storage

Solid state storage(SSS) is a method of data storage accomplished by using 

integrated circuit devices to store data rather than moving magnetic or optical 

media. SSS is typically non-volatile and may take various forms, such as a solid 

state drive, solid state card or solid state module. In addition, SSS includes 

PATA 

(legacy), SATA, SAS, Fibre Channel or PCIe interface options.

Input and Output

ergonomic keyboard

keyboard that separates the keys into two parts shaped like a wide "V." Some keyboards have a fixed layout, while others are movable. To the touch typist, the layout feels odd at first, but it puts less stress on the hands and wrist and winds up being comfortable for allot of people.

An inkjet printer

is a type of computer printer that creates a digital picture by propelling variable-sized droplets of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer no a days and range from small inexpensive consumer models to a large professional machines.

A laser printer

is a printer that uses a focused light to transfer the text and image onto paper. Though contrary to popular belief, the laser does not actually burn the images onto the paper. Instead, as paper passes through the printer, the laser beam fires at the surface of a cylindrical drum called a photoreceptor. This drum has an electrical charge (typically positive), that is reversed in areas where the laser beam hits it. By reversing the charge in certain areas of the drum, the laser beam can print patterns (such as text and pictures) onto the photo receptor.

MICR

(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) This machine recognition of numeric data printed with magnetically charged ink. It is used on most banks checks and deposit slips. MICR readers detect the characters and convert them into digital data. Although optical methods (OCR) became as sophisticated as the early MICR technology, magnetic ink is still used. It serves as a deterrent to fraud, because a photocopied check will not be printed with magnetic ink.

OCR ( optical-character recognition)

its an application software that allows a computer to recognize printed or written characters, e.g., messages numbers, punctuation marks, and pictograms using an optical scanner for input. Optical mark recognition (OMR) also employs an optical scanner, but does not employ a character recognition engine.

OMR( optical-mark recognition)

The operation of gathering data with an optical scanner by measuring the reflectivity of light at predetermined positions on a surface. OMR differs from optical character recognition (OCR), which requires a recognition engine in order to make sense of written characters.

The system unit

Flash memory

Flash memory refers to particular type of EEPROM, or Electronically Erasable Programmable that only read memory. It is a memory chip that maintains stored information without requiring a power source. It is often used in portable electronics, like MP3 players for songs, and in removable storage devices to save documents and files.

Graphics card

 Is a device installed in a computer that consists of a graphics processing unit designed to help process and show images, especially 3D graphics. Graphics cards help take the processing strain off the main processor, and can contain their own memory to take the strain off the system RAM.

Sound Card

An expansion board that makes the computer to manipulate and output sounds. Also sound cards are necessary for nearly all CD-ROMs and have become commonplace on modern personal computers. Sound cards enable the computer to output sound through speakers connected to the board, to record sound input from a microphone connected to the computer, and manipulate sound stored on a disk.



Network Interface Card (NTC)

Network Interface Card often abbreviated as NIC,it is  a board you insert into a computer so the computer can be connected to a network in the computer. Most NICs are designed for a particular type of network, protocol, and media, although some can serve multiple networks.

Plug and Play

In the world of computing,plug and play is a term used to describe the characteristic of a universal serial number, or device specification, which facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system, without the need for physical device configuration, or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts.Plug and play refers to both the boot-time assignment of device resources, and to hot plug systems such as USB and Firewire.

Busline

It is like a multi-lane pathway which allow the data to be transfered along the bus. It is the communicating electronic lines that connect different parts of the CPU to various other part

HDMI

HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) is a specification that contain video and audio into a single digital interface for use with digital versatile disc (DVD) players, digital television (DTV) players, set-top boxes, and other audiovisual devices. 

Cache memory

Is an access memory that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the more time-consuming reading of data from larger memory.

Specialized application software

Audio editing software

is a computer application for audio editing, i.e. manipulating digital audio. It allows you to Record Audio from one or more inputs can be captured and stored in the computer's memory as digital audio. Edit The start time, stop time, and duration of any sound on the audio timeline can be altered.Mix Multiple sound sources can be combined at various volume levels to a single source. Playback Sound (often after being mixed) can be sent to one or more outputs; commonly speakers, additional processors, or a recording medium.

Bitmap image

is a type of graphic composed of pixels (picture element) in a grid. Each pixel or "bit" contains color information for the image. Bitmap graphics formats have a fixed resolution which means that resizing a bitmap graphic can result in distortion and jagged edges. Some common bitmap formats are GIF, JPG or JPEG, TIFF, PNG, PICT, PCX, and BMP. Photo-editors or image-editing graphics software such as Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photo-Paint are designed for creating and editing bitmap graphics.

Desktop publishing programe ( DTP)

combines a personal computer and WYSIWYG page layout software to create publication documents on a computer for either large scale publishing or small scale local multifunction peripheral output and distribution.

The term "desktop publishing" is commonly used to describe page layout skills. However, the skills and software are not limited to paper and book publishing. The same skills and software are often used to create graphics for point of sale displays, promotional items, trade show exhibits, retail package designs and outdoor signs.



HTML editors

is a software application for creating web pages. Although the HTML markup of a web page can be written with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality. For example, many HTML editors work not only with HTML, but also with related technologies such as CSS, XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript. In some cases they also manage communication with remote web servers via FTP and WebDAV, and version management systems such as CVS or Subversion.

Image editors

Software that allows images to be edited and also converted to different graphics formats. Image editors typically deal with only bitmapped images such as GIFs, JPEGs and BMPs; however, some editors support both bitmaps and illustrations (see vector graphics). Common functions are manually cropping and resizing the image and using "filters" to adjust brightness, contrast and colors. A myriad of filters are available for special effects.

Victor image

Unlike JPEGs, GIFs, and BMP images, vector graphics are not made up of a grid of pixels. Instead, vector graphics are comprised of paths, which are defined by a start and end point, along with other points, curves, and angles along the way. A path can be a line, a square, a triangle, or a curvy shape. These paths can be used to create simple drawings or complex diagrams. Paths are even used to define the characters of specific typefaces.

Multimedia

As the name implies, multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media. This includes text, graphics, audio, video, etc. For example, a presentation involving audio and video clips would be considered a "multimedia presentation." Educational software that involves animations, sound, and text is called "multimedia software." CDs and DVDs are often considered to be "multimedia formats" since they can store a lot of data and most forms of multimedia require a lot of disk space.

Basic application software

Graphical user interface ( GUI )
User interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and menus) instead of text; uses a mouse as well as a keyboard as an input device It's also  refers to the graphical interface of a computer that allows users to click and instil objects with a mouse instead of entering text at a command line. Two of the most popular operating systems, Windows and the Mac OS, are GUI-based.

Word processor

Word processing program, does exactly what the name implies. It processes words. It also processes paragraphs, pages, and entire papers. Some examples of word processing programs include Microsoft Word, WordPerfect (Windows only), AppleWorks (Mac only), and OpenOffice.org.

Spread sheet

 is a computer application that simulates a paper, accounting worksheet. It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting of rows and columns, each cell containing alphanumeric text, numeric values or formulas. A formula defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated from the contents of any other cell (or combination of cells) each time any cell is updated. Spreadsheets are frequently used for financial information because of their ability to re-calculate the entire sheet automatically after a change to a single cell is made.

Database management system (DBMS)

A collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The following are examples of database applications:

computerized library systems

automated teller machines

flight reservation systems

Utility suites

A Utility Suite is a collection of different tools all packaged into one easy to use tool that optimize you computer.Not all utilities though do the same thing nor have the same functions so your choices must reflect what you need in a utility package.These tools usually include items such as History cleaner; Temp file cleaner; Registry cleaner; Internet usage tracks cleaner;Disk defragment; Optimizer tools; System diagnostics; File undelete; Process Explorer; Uninstall tool; File duplication detector; and sometimes even an Anti-Virus/Firewall.

The Internet,web and elctronic commerce

Javascript A famous scripting and open language that is widely supported in Web browsers and other Web tools. It adds interactive functions to HTML pages, which are otherwise static, since HTML is a display language, not a programming language. JavaScript is easier to use than normal Java, but not as powerful and deals mainly with the elements on the Web page. Java source code is compiled into a bytecode, stored in a separate documents, which the Web browser downloads and executes separately from an HTML pages.



Applet is a program you can find it in the Java programming language that can be included in an HTML page, much in the same way an image is included in a page. When you use a Java technology-enabled browser to view a page that contains an applet, the applet's code is transferred to your system and executed by the browser's Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Filters is a computer program to process a data stream . And some operating systems such as Unix are rich with filter programs. Even Windows has some simple filters built in to its command shell, most of which have significant enhancements relative to the similar filter commands that were available in MS-DOS. Just as in Unix, such a filter usually gets most of its data from standard input (the main input stream) and writes its main results to standard output (the main output stream).

Plug-ins are programs that “plug into” a host program for additional functionality. Plug-ins allow a third-party application to be used within the host program, acting as a kind of liaison or bridge. There are many kinds of plug-ins, but one that many Web surfers will be familiar with is the Acrobat® Reader® plug-in for Web browsers. This allows .pdf files to be read within the browser window. Other popular browser plug-ins include QuickTime® to view movies, and the Flash® plug-in to view Flash scripts.

Internet security suites it's necessary program when it involves protecting the computer. The web has everything from viruses to spyware to ad and malware and it's become increasingly difficult to seek out a website that's not putting one thing onto your computer. Therefore, it's vital to guard your computer and protect your privacy and info whereas surf the web, like Norton and MacAfee.

Wiki is a piece of server software that allows users to freely create and edit Web page content using any Web browser. Wiki supports hyperlinks and has a simple text syntax for creating new pages and crosslinks between internal pages on the fly.Wiki is unusual among group communication mechanisms in that it allows the organization of contributions to be edited in addition to the content itself.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it. In popular usage and in many technical documents and verbal discussions it is often incorrectly used as a synonym for URI. The best-known example of the use of URLs is for the addresses of web pages on the World Wide Web, such as http://www.example.com/.

 

 

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to copy a file from an one host to another over a TCP/IP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client and server. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.